Copyright: Copyright (c) 1996 Forman Interactive Corp.


Internet Creator Help Table of Contents
Table of Contents

Introduction to the program

Quick Start--a must read!

Internet and Web Overview

Program Overview

Planning your web site

Starting a new Web Site

Site Setup Wizard

Home Page Mini-Wizard

Setup Options

Server Options Wizard

Site Generations Options

Default Paragraph Parameters

User-defined Fields

Auto-FTP Upload Setup

Pop-Up Hints

Main Screen

Special Characters keyboard

Image Viewing and Scaling

Font Styles and Alignment

New Page Paragraph

Page Style Options

Text Paragraph

List Paragraph

Table Paragraph

Remote Internet Resource Paragraph

Transactional Item Paragraph

Image Object Paragraph

Audio Object Paragraph

Video Object Paragraph

Miscellaneous Binary Object Paragraph

Non-Internet Creator, HTML Paragraph

Horizontal Rule Paragraph

Freezing and Thawing of Paragraphs

Auto-logo and Auto-background Generators

HTML (web site) generation

Auto-FTP Uploading

Transactional Ordering System

Email and Search Forms

HTML reference

Further Reading

Glossary

File Formats

Sound Conversion Utilities


Introduction to the program
Introduction

Welcome to the revolutionary world of the Internet Creator™ software package and Web hosting service!

Internet Creator™ is a comprehensive, full-featured system which allows you to quickly and easily place your organization and its products and/or services information onto the Internet World Wide Web via a broadly and deeply linked web site.

The program incorporates an incredibly flexible and effective database, using an intuitive Windows forms interface, thereby providing the novice user a simple yet powerful way to manage and organize information. You can now maintain your data with the ease of straightforward hierarchical tree and text processing. Also, Internet Creator™ can drastically reduce the cost of producing an on-line catalog  by over a factor of 100!

After the catalog is built, you can send it to our centrally located server or yours, thereby allowing tens of millions of Internet users to access this newly created Web site, browse product information and even place on-line orders for merchandise. And when you want to update or modify your data, all that is required is to change the information on your PC and, within minutes, your site is updated as well.

Internet Creator™ … How to build a web site.

Technical Features

Power and Flexibility

Fully customizable Web pages which can include links, graphics, sounds, movies, lists, tables, and more.

Unlimited number of web pages.

Ability to import and attach existing HTML documents

Many built-in features:

Displaying of price

Displaying of SKU/model number

Multiple sorting methods

Product ordering form

Data Handling Features

Design allows for various objects  products, information, documents, photos, etc.

Data is organized in a classical tree-branch hierarchy using a simple Windows File Manager-style interface

Modified drag-and-drop of objects

User-definable fields

Capability to generate a catalog using the database hierarchy

Page Design Features

Complete control of every aspect of page styles and options

Automatic navigational buttons on every page

 Last modified time/date stamp on every page

Supports all current font display options available in HTML 3.0

Background images (wallpaper)

 Global Header text and footer text

Custom font colors

Forms

Automatically generated, customized Email form

Automatically generated search engine form. Supports wwais (keyword searching) and pull down transactional item features with Boolean Logic.

Automatically generated customized order form with Netscape secure posting.

Hosting Services

Shopping Basket support

-	Supports full interactive shopping basket system

-	Customer may deposit multiple items into a shopping basket

-	When ready, customer may checkout by entering credit card or purchase order
information

-	All screens served up and posted securely (encrypted)

-	Orders can be sent to web site owner with PGP encryption.

Private Newsgroups

Search  wwais and custom, user-defined feature match with Boolean logic

Wizards and Helpers

Wizard to create basic site

Advanced wizard to maintain hosting service pointers

On-line Help

Pop-up tips everywhere

Technical Features

Client-side software  all processing done locally, not on the web server

HTML upwardly compatible

Full multimedia implementation  pages can include images (GIF, JPEG, and many other formats), audio, video, and binary

Microsoft Access database structure (Access not required)

Minimum System Requirements: IBM-PC 386 or compatible; Microsoft Windows 3.1, NT, or 95; 8Mb RAM, 10Mb Hard disk space


Quick Start--a must read!
QuickStart

Installing Internet Creator

If you are upgrading from version 2.x, you will need to do a complete reinstall of version 3.0. However, you will be able to convert your version 2.x databases with the conversion utility upgrade2.exe provided in the c:\icreator\utility directory.

1.	From Windows, run the setup.exe application from Disk #1 of the Internet Creator program

2.	The Internet Creator Installer Wizard will create a default directory named c:\icreator unless you specify otherwise. Proceed to the next screen.

3.	Enter your name and organization. Proceed to the next screen.

4.	Enter the Serial and Registration numbers. This can be found on Disk #2. Proceed to the next screen.

5.	You will have the option of either a Typical (full), Compact (minimum), or Custom install. You should ensure at least 10MB of disk space for a full install. Proceed to the next screen.

6.	Enter the name of the Internet Creator program group. The Default name is Internet Creator 3.0. Proceed to the next screen.

7.	Read the license agreement. If you agree to the terms, click Accept to continue.

8.	Once the installation is complete, you will be asked if you want to run the application.

Building your web site

1.	Create a new web site by selecting New Site from the File menu. Enter the 8-character directory name for your new Site. Then enter the full name of your new web site, you have 30 characters to be more descriptive.

2.	Internet Creator will first run the Site Setup Wizard, which helps you to define your organizations information.

3.	Then the Home Page Mini-Wizard Setup will help you setup a basic home page from which you can further build your new web site.

4.	Create new Pages or add additional Paragraphs to an existing Page by clicking on the icons on the main screen.

5.	Once you have finished entering your data, select Generate HTML from the Upload menu, or click on the [image] button to compile your pages into HTML code.

Publishing your web site on the register.com server

Preferred Method: If you have access to the Internet, follow these steps:

1.	You must obtain a account name and password from Forman Interactive Corp. prior to uploading your web site.

2.	Select Auto-Upload FTP Setup from the Setup Menu. Enter ftp.register.com as the server name, then enter your user name and password. Click OK when done.

3.	Select Auto-Upload Site via FTP from the Generate Site Menu.

4.	Click on Upload All Pages and click OK. Your site will be uploaded.

Note: For those not able to use the Internet Creator Auto-FTP upload feature, the zipped file to be uploaded containing your web site can be found in the html sub-directory of your site path. This file is called site.zip. If your hosting service does not support automatic unzipping of uploaded file, then you will need to upload the entire contents of the html directory, except for the site.zip file.

If you are using FIHS, the server will automatically unzip this file every half-hour on the half-hour.

If you have access to e-mail, but dont have access to the Internet, follow these steps:

1.	Using your commercial on-line service, send an e-mail with the site.zip file as an enclosed document to upload@register.com. Please include your customer name in the subject field of your e-mail message.

If you dont have access to a modem from your computer, follow these steps and Forman Interactive Corp. will be glad to help you at that time with no additional charge:

1.	Insert a blank formatted diskette into your disk drive.

2.	From DOS, copy the site.zip file from the c:\icreator\yourdirectory directory to the diskette.

3.	Remove the diskette from the drive and write your customer name on the diskette

4.	Mail the diskette to:

Forman Interactive Corp.

Attn: Upload Department

201 Water Street

Brooklyn, NY  11201-1174


Internet and Web Overview

What is the Internet?

The Internet is essentially a long distance telephone network - but for computers.  You connect your computer to a modem, which is connected to your local telephone company, which passes the call to your Internet Service Provider (ISP) which connects to other computers on the Internet.  Forman Interactive is not an Internet Service Provider  that is, we cannot connect you to the Internet.  However, we are an Internet Presence Provider (IPP). This means we can help you publish and create your web site and we can host it (make it available for the world to see).

The Internet as we know it today has grown largely through the efforts of many individuals, acting either on their own behalf or on the behalf of their academic institution. There are presently over 30 million computers inter-networked throughout the world, and the current growth projection is one million new users connecting to the Internet every month!

Who uses the Internet?

Even though there are over 30 million computers on the Internet, it does not mean that there are only 30 million users. In fact, there are an unquantifiable amount more, if one considers that a great number of the computers are hosts through which remote users access the vast resources of the Internet.

The kinds of people who use the Internet are widely diverse. The list of Internet users and members include most Fortune 500 companies, tens of thousands other companies and millions of individuals. It is truly the global meeting place.

What is the World Wide Web?

The World Wide Web (WWW or Web) is, along with e-mail, the most popular and actively used protocols on the Internet.  Protocols are like languages to people.  Only computers speaking the same protocols understand one another, even though they are on this same Internet.

The Web is a graphical, interactive display of information (whether it be for business, pleasure, or education) that resides on what are called host computers.  The Web is viewable from every country on earth by anyone connected to the Internet.  (The Web is just one method that computers use to communicate on the Internet.)

What is a web site and a home page?

A web site is a collection of files that contain either text, images, or other multi-media information.  These files are served up to the person surfing or browsing the web.  They appear as screens (and are referred to as pages).

These pages are connected together by clickable links.  In other words, text or images on the screen which, when clicked upon, tell the host computer to serve up new pages. The very top or front page is commonly referred to as the home page.

What is Hypertext Markup Language?

The Hypertext Markup Language (or HTML) is the language or protocol used to create the documents for the World Wide Web. Although most browsers (see Glossary) will display any document that is written in plain text, there are advantages that you get by writing documents using HTML. When HTML documents are read by applications specifically designed for the Web (usually called browsers or Web browsers) they can include formatting, graphics, sound, and even links to other documents.

What does Internet Creator do?

Internet Creator allows you to build a full-featured, multi-media web site without knowing the programming language (HTML) of the web.

How does what I see on the screen in Internet Creator relate to what my web site will look like?

Since web sites can be very complex and have clickable links that lead to many, many different pages, Internet Creator uses, what we refer to as, an hierarchical tree.  This is a visual representation of the overall page structure of the web site with the top page representing your home page.  It is essentially similar to Microsoft Windows File Manager in look and feel.  Internet Creator displays the names of the pages and the paragraphs (which are the content of your web site) hanging from the page.  Additionally, lower level pages are shown where they hang from other pages.

The best way to understand this metaphor is to actually build a small site and look at it with a Browser.  In almost all probability you will fully understand how Internet Creator helps you turn out full blown web sites in no time.

What is a browser and where do I get one?

A browser is a software program which allows a person to surf or browse the web.  It displays the web sites that someone is visiting.  The most popular web browsers on the market as of this writing are Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer.  If you have one of these, use it to view the web site that Internet Creator builds.  If you do not, we have included a browser which will only allow you to browse the site you have created on your computer.  It does not allow you to surf the Web (sorry).


Program Overview

The purpose of the Internet Creator is to provide a simple and convenient method for placing your information on the Internet.

With Internet Creator, you can easily maintain and create your data in a familiar setting on your PC, have the program create formatted HTML v2.0 documents automatically, then transfer the information to our server, or any other server, on the Internet. The Internet Creator generates fully functional corporate Web site that can include any number of graphic, sound, or movie elements. You can even include links to other Web pages across the Internet.

Once your data is received by us and we put your web pages on our server, your company and product information is immediately accessible by anyone of the tens of millions of Internet users worldwide. As an additional service, we can also seed the most popular databases and indices, which function as yellow and white page directories, with information regarding your company including a direct link to your Web home page.

There is no faster, easier or less expensive way to accomplish all of
these tasks than with the Internet Creator.

We will continue to provide full customer support, as well as enhancements and upgrades to our software, including complicated protocols such as SGML, output suitable for placement on a CD-ROM, and hardcopy printouts of your catalog.


Planning your web site

Before you start entering data into the Internet Creator, it is important to think about how you wish to organize your information. Good planning is essential in order to create a well organized Web site where information can be easily found and seen.

The Internet Creator allows you to construct a multi-layered tree of web pages with various Paragraphs on each page. These Paragraphs can be of text, audio, graphics, movies, links to other pages and many others.

Good design of the hierarchical tree is probably the most important, and in some cases the most difficult, process in designing your web page.

Important:

We suggest that you do this initial planning first, deciding on all the names and relationships in advance.

You should also be aware that Paragraphs are displayed in the order that they appear on the finished web page. Paragraphs that appear in the nested pages (e.g. on the Selections page in the diagram) do not show up on the page which contains the link to the nested page.

If you dont have a large amount of information, you can put all of your Paragraphs on the Home Page.


Starting a new Web Site

Before you begin, you must create a new WebSite. This is done by selecting New Site from the File menu. A dialog box will ask you for the following information:

Directory Name

Enter and 8 character name to be used for the name of the directory in which the documents used for your web site will be kept. Files names are kept to 8 characters for the benefit of the operating software.

Site Name

This name will be used to identify your web site, it can be more than 8 characters. For example, your companys full name.

Directory Location

Indicate where you want to put the directory for your web site.


Site Setup Wizard

When you create a new WebSite, the Site Setup Wizard will guide you through the necessary steps to enter all relevant information for your organization. This includes the following:

Organization Name

This is the official name of your company as you would like to have it appear in your web site. This can be changed at any time in the future.

Background and Text Colors

Your have a choice between several color combinations which can give your web site a unique look.

Last Modified Date Stamp

The Last Modified Date Stamp is a device that is commonly used with Web documents. This will place a small note at the bottom of each web page that says This page last modified: <date>. By adding a date stamp, it shows the users visiting your site that it is actively updated, thereby increasing return/ repeat traffic.

Table of Contents

A Table of Contents page is another common device used on the web that allows the user to see a complete overview of what is on your site. By selecting this option, a link to a table of contents page will be included on every page on your site.

General Email

This is the Email address that is used by the customer to contact you regarding comments or questions. You have the option to display this Email address as an active link on every page, should you choose to do so. You must enter a valid Email address. Only your Internet Presence/Server Provider can do this for you.

Page Headers

The text you enter here will appear at the top of every page on your Web Site. This is optional.

Page Footers

The text you enter here will appear at the bottom of every page on your Web Site. This is optional.

Once the Site Setup Wizard has completed its steps, the Home Page Mini-Wizard will run to help you set up your Home Page. This step is optional but recommended for first time users.


Home Page Mini-Wizard

The Home Page Mini-Wizard will guide you through the necessary steps to enter all relevant information for your Home Page. This includes the following:

Home Paragraph

Here, you can enter a greeting and welcome users to your site, telling them a bit about your organization.

How to contact us

This is where you can put all the necessary contact information about your organization so that they can contact you. Internet Creator will actually generate a new page for this information and put a link to this page on the Home Page.

History

This is where you can put all the necessary information about the history of your organization. Internet Creator will actually generate a new page for this information and put a link to this page on the Home Page.

Free Form

This is where you can put any information you like. For example, you can let your users know if youre having a sale. Internet Creator will actually generate a new page for this information and put a link to this page on the Home Page.

Initial Home Page

Once youve completed the initial setup, a basic home page will be generated by Internet Creator. This page will contain the information about your organization that you have defined with the Wizards.

The page is completely modifiable. Paragraphs can be added to the pages, and changes to existing Paragraphs can be made at any time. For example, you can add a graphic  or logo for your organization. The initial home page will look like this in a Web Browser. When you are ready, dont be afraid to just start a new web site or to modify this one. The Home Page Mini-Wizard is primarily learning tool.


Setup Options

The Setup menu is where youll find all of the options and preferences for your web site. It is recommended that you take the time to go through each, one by one, filling in the required information as necessary.

Easy Site Options Wizard

If you didnt run the Setup Wizard when you created your site, or you would like to change the information you entered before, you may do so here.

Organization/User Info

If you ran the Setup Wizard, then this information should already be there. If you havent run the Setup Wizard or would like to change or add this information, you may do so here.


Server Options Wizard

These are options which will affect the interactivity of your site, including searches, newsgroups, image maps, and ordering.

Setup FTP

Enter your hosts server name, your account name, password and directory. If you have subscribed to the Forman Interactive Hosting Service (FIHS), your server name will be ftp.register.com

Search Options

In order to have the use of the search form feature, you must enter the exact path to your hosts cgi-bin search processors. If you are unsure, please check with your Server Administrator. For FIHS customers, the paths are already setup as default.

Newsgroup Options

In order to have the feature of having your own personal newsgroup, you must enter the exact path to your newsgroup on the hosts news server. If you are unsure, please check with your Server Administrator. For FIHS customers, the paths are already setup as default.

Image Maps

An image map is when you have a large graphic image, in which there are various hot spots which when clicked on, will direct you automatically to another web page. Enter your hosts image map path.

Ordering Options

There are four ordering options available. You can have your customers be able to email orders directly to you either with an Internet Creator email order form or you can provide your own, you may use a shopping basket, or if your organization does not sell items, you can choose to have the ordering system turned off. The shopping basket method of shopping on the Internet is by far the most popular and accepted method as it is easy, efficient and has better security than email alone. The shopping basket requires coordinating with your hosting service.

Shopping Basket Options

If you have selected the shopping basket ordering option and are not subscribing to FIHS, you might want
to verify with your hosting service to see if they can provide you with this capability. FIHS is running on a Netscape server providing Netscape secure transactions.

Currency Options

Again, this only applies if you are going to allows orders to be placed on your web site. You are asked to define the currency symbol (i.e. US$, UK£, ¥, etc), the minimum charge for shipping of any order, and you are also given an area to write a small disclaimer paragraph. That should be used to indicate whether or not taxes will be added. You may include any other notices to the customer here.


Site Generations Options
Site Generation Options

These are options that will affect some of the features of your web site.

Add Table of [Contents] Button to Pages

This will provide the Browser with easy access to an overview of all the pages in your site for quick navigation. It if checked, it is an active option.

Add [Search] Button to Pages

This is a service of FIHS and requires the compatible .cgi server-side application. It provides a keyword search of every word found on your web pages.

Add [E-mail] Button to Pages

This will provide the Browser with instant and easy access on every page to get in touch with you.

Add Last Modified Date Stamp to Pages

This will provide your customer with an accurate time and date of the last time your site was updated.

Add Newsgroup Button

This will provide the Browser with easy access to your organizations newsgroup from anywhere in your site. If it is checked, it is an active option.


Default Paragraph Parameters

Under this menu, you will find all of the preferences settings for the dialog boxes that come up when you are adding Paragraphs to your web page. Whatever changes you make to these settings will be applied only to newly created paragraphs. However, you can always override these settings when placing a new Paragraph in your web site. These dialog boxes have the same format as those depicted and described elsewhere.


User-defined Fields
User Defined Fields

This is where you define the fields for use with the Transactional Item.

The User Defined Fields screen lets you add up to 20 fields of information that will be retained and later used as descriptor headings displayed and available for each Transactional Item.

Setting up fields is an optional feature. Only the fields that you have defined will appear on your Transactional Item entry screens. When defining a Transactional Item, these descriptor fields will be available for you to provide additional information about the Item. If a descriptor field is not applicable to a certain Item, leave it blank and it will not show up on the final web output for that Item.

It is important to note that the fields that you set up here will be used for the Boolean search engine in your web site. It is therefore important that you be consistent when entering information into the fields. For example, do not use Warner Bros. and Warner Brothers in two separate Items, since the search engine will interpret them as two different names.

The User Defined Fields is a very powerful tool which can work to your advantage in terms of managing the information in large catalogs.

You may enter user defined fields for varied items that may not necessarily share all the same features (i.e. toasters and records). When you actually create the Transactional Item Paragraph, any User Defined Field which you do not enter will not shop up on you web site for that Item.

The User Defined Field names are restricted to 50 characters long. The field values are restricted to 35 characters. These fields will then be available when you Add Transactional Items.


Auto-FTP Upload Setup

Use this dialog to define the name of your host server, your account name, password and default directory. The host server name has the FIHS server as a default setting.

Note that this is very similar to the dialog found on the first screen of the Server Options Wizard. It is still required to enter this information again here, as this Setup is to define the login for the uploading of your web site.


Pop-Up Hints

When the Pop-Up Hints option is checked, Internet Creator will provide interactive hints when the cursor goes over a relevant area. The default for this option is checked.


Main Screen
The Main Screen

Picture your web site as you would a book, and within that book you have pages, which in turn contain paragraphs. The Main Screen shows all of the Pages and Paragraphs in your Book (Web Site). Both boxes display the Pages and Paragraphs in your Book. Paragraphs can be dragged from either side to the other. When The display is wider or longer than the screen, scroll bars will appear.

Hierarchical Tree Icons

The various elements that are displayed on the web pages are represented by small icons in the hierarchical tree. Each element shows its name next to the icon.

The types of elements represented are as follows:

 Web Page

 Web Page - with Paragraphs hidden

 Web Page - with Paragraphs shown

 Text Item

 List Item

 Table Item

 Transactional Item

 Link to another URL

 Link to external Web Page

 Picture Item

 Sound Item

 Movie Item

 Binary Item

 Web Page

 Horizontal Rule

 Page Style Options

Navigating the Main Screen

Both the left and the right boxes display your web pages and the Paragraphs therein. These Pages and Paragraphs are displayed in a hierarchical display method. For example, under the list icon for the Home Page, you will find a line that comes down and branches out to other paragraphs. These paragraphs are always displayed in the order that they will appear on the final web page. If a branch connects to a new web page, that page will have its own branch system which can either be displayed or hidden by clicking on the web page icon for that page.

When your web site grows, the list can become quite complex. In order to make the navigation easier, the web site is displayed in both boxes. Although the information in both boxes is the same, you can view them independent of each other. For example, if you are creating a new page and you want to refer to another page lower down you can look at the page that you are creating on the left, while referring to the other page on the right.

To insert a new item, you must first highlight an existing Item for it to appear above. Then click on the Item icon at the top of the Main Screen that you want to place in the list.

Paragraphs may be dragged to different positions in the list, and can also be dragged from one list box to the other. Drag the Item by its icon over the Item you want it to appear above.

To edit an Item, double-click on the name of the Item and not its icon.

The Paragraph Items

There are 12 item icons at the top of the Main Screen window. These allow you to construct your pages by placing various Paragraphs in them. When you click on an item icon, the selected item will be placed above the Item that is currently highlighted in the list box.

When an Item selection icon is clicked the appropriate dialog box will appear in order to set the style and options for the Item. These Paragraphs and their respective dialog boxes are all described on the following pages.

Internet Creator is a program that creates web pages that are destined to be viewed by a Web Browser. Within the Internet Creator program, this information is represented in a different manner in order to simplify construction. Because of this, the output generated by Internet Creator will look different than the way it is represented within the program. This manual will refer to the information represented by Internet Creator as Program View and the final output as Browser View, so as not to confuse the meaning of the instructions.

Construction Tip:

In order to see the changes you make to your site in Internet Creator, have a Web Browser running in the background. Then generate the HTML for your site. Switch over to the Browser and select Open File from the File Menu item. Go to the directory where your site is located. In the directory, you will find another directory named HTML and within that directory open the file named index.htm, This is your Home Page for your Web Site. You can then navigate your site as you would on-line. This way you can decide what you want to change in your site. To see the changes, re-generate the HTML then Reload your page in your Browser.

Recurring windows

There are two aspects of the Paragraph windows that you will encounter most while building your web site. They are the Image Viewing and Scaling window and the Font Style portion of almost every Paragraph window.


Special Characters Keyboard

In HTML there are many punctuation and special character keys that are reserved for HTML functions, therefore HTML has incorporated a special way in which to define these characters since they are often used in everyday text. There are many special commands for these characters and can be difficult to remember. To make things simpler, there is a Special Characters Keyboard which is available to help you enter these characters when needed.

The keyboard is available at any time when typing in any Paragraph dialog box, simply hold down the control key and type the letter K (control-K) and the keyboard will pop up. Then click on the character(s) you wish to use, they will appear in the little window in the top left corner of the keyboard window. When satisfied with the special character, click the OK button and the code will be pasted automatically into the text you were typing in the previous dialog box.


Image Viewing and Scaling

You will see this window whenever you select an icon or insert an Image Paragraph.

Click the Select Image button to load your desired image. Internet Creator can load any kind of valid graphic file (.TIF, .JPG, .GIF, .BMP, etc). However, most Web Browsers only support two kinds, .GIF and .JPG. If the selected image is not of those two types, the selected image will be automatically converted to a .gif image.

You can scale the image easily either by automatically resizing the image to icon size by clicking on the Resize to Standard Icon Size button, or by defining the Height and Width in pixels. If you dont want to stretch the image too much in any direction, then click on the Keep proportions when resizing box.

 When satisfied, click the OK button to return to the previous dialog. If the image is a 24-bit .JPG file, you have the option of converting the image to an 8-bit .GIF.


Font Styles and Alignment

Font Style and Alignment

At the bottom of every Paragraph window (except the Horizontal Rule) there is a Font Style section.

The Font Style settings, at any given time, only apply to the active text input box. To change the font style of a text field, you must focus (i.e. make that text box active by clicking on it) on the box and then select your font styles. For example, if you wish to change the font style of the Page Link Name, click in that box to make it active. Then select the format you wish to use for the text.

The font sizes adhere to the standards used in the HTML language. The sizes available are 1-7 and H1-H6. The sizes 1-7 are paragraph text sizes, where 1 is smallest and 7 is largest. The sizes H1-H6 are header text sizes (which may also be used in paragraphs), where H1 is the largest and H6 is the smallest.

All browsers support Bold and Italics styles. However, the other  styles are not always supported. For example, Netscape does not support Underline and Strikeout styles, while Microsofts Internet Explorer browser does.


New Page Paragraph

New Web Page (Page Link)

This creates a paragraph on the desired page that links to a lower level page.  It may include text that describes to the person browsing your web site what they will find when they click the link or why they should click the link.  It will create, in the hierarchical tree of the main screen not only the new page, but also a Page Style Options branch below the new page.  This is where you may define backgrounds title information, text colors, etc.

Page Link Name

Enter the title of the page as you would like it to appear in the link. In the Browser View, this title will appear as the Window Name. You may also use the Page Link Name as the title on the new page by clicking the Print as heading on the new page box.

Icon Options

Click on the Select Icon button to choose an icon graphic to represent the link. The Image Viewing and Scaling dialog will appear.

Appears at

The Icon you have selected can appear either to the left or the right of the Page Link Name.

Descriptive Text

Enter the text you wish to describe the link. The text will appear below the link on the page.

Font Style

The Font Style settings only apply to the text which is in the text box which is active (ie: where the cursor is). For example, if your wish to define the font style of the Page Link Name, click on that text box to make it active. Then select the format you wish to use for the text.


Page Style Options

At the bottom of each web page tree, there is a Page Style Options list icon. This defines the basic page look and feel. To edit, double click on the name Page Style Options. If you wish, every page can have a different style.

Page Header Text

The Text entered in here will appear at the top of the page separated by an automatic Horizontal Rule. This text is optional.

Page Footer Text

The Text entered in here will appear at the top of the page separated by an automatic Horizontal Rule. This text is optional.

Colors and Backgrounds

Select Background Image

Use this to select a .gif or .jpg image file to be used as a background wallpaper image for your web page. This is optional.

Colors

Background - If no Background Image is selected, you can choose a background color by clicking on the radio button to the left of the word Background and then click on a color from the palette. You can tweak the color to your liking with the RGB scroll bars.

The same concept applies to the text color. Where link text is text that is hyperlinked and followed link is a hyperlink that has been followed.

Turn off custom color - If you click this, your color settings for the page will be defaulted to the values of the Web Browser.

Font Style

The Font Style settings only apply to the text which is in the text box which is active (ie: where the cursor is). For example, if your wish to define the font style of the Page Link Name, click on that text box to make it active. Then select the format you wish to use for the text.


Text Paragraph

Text

This button lets you enter a text Paragraph in your web page. You may either type your text in the box provided or import a text file

Font Style

Select the format you wish to use for the Text.


List Paragraph
List

This creates a paragraph on the desired page that displays a list of lines of text.  These list objects, as they are called, can be displayed with either bullets, numbers, or icons alongside them.

List Title

Enter the title of the list as you would like it to appear on the page.

Icon Options

Click on the Select Icon button to choose an icon graphic to represent the link. The Image Viewing and Scaling dialog will appear. Click the Select Image button to load your desired image. You can automatically resize the image to icon size by clicking on the Resize to Standard Icon Size button. When satisfied, click the OK button to return to the previous dialog.

Appears at

The Icon you have selected can appear either to the left or the right of the list title.

List Items

To add items to the list double-click an empty field, then type the text.

To alphabetize the items in your list click on the ABC button.

To move items up or down on the list: select the item and click either of the arrow buttons.

To remove an item, highlight the item you wish to remove and click the Delete button.

You can have the list displayed in any one of three formats:

Bulleted List: The items in your list will be displayed with bullet points.

Numbered List: The items in your list will be displayed with ascending numbers.

Iconized List: The items in your list will be displayed with an Icon that you select.

Icon for the list items

Click on the Select Icon button to choose an icon graphic to represent the link. The Image Viewing and Scaling dialog will appear. Click the Select Image button to load your desired image. You can automatically resize the image to icon size by clicking on the Resize to Standard Icon Size button. When satisfied, click the OK button to return to the previous dialog.

Appears at

The Icon you have selected can appear either to the left or the right of the item.

Font Style

The Font Style settings only apply to the text which is in the text box which is active (ie: where the cursor is). For example, if your wish to define the font style of the List Title, click on that text box to make it active. Then select the format you wish to use for the text.


Table Paragraph

Table

This creates a paragraph on the desired page that displays a table or spreadsheet-like series of cells containing text.  There is extensive control over the formatting of the table.

Table Caption

Enter the title of the table. This can appear either above or below the table by selecting the option under the Table Caption field.

Table Size

Define how many rows and columns there are in your table.

Table Data

Input your data for the table. The format used is very similar to that used by standard spreadsheet programs.

You can zoom in and out from the table, move the slider to the right to zoom in, left to zoom out.

To insert a column or row, click on a cell below the desired insertion point for a row, or to the right of the desired insertion point for a column

To delete a column or row, click on a cell that is in the column or row you want to delete.

You can use the arrow keys to move from one cell to another.

Hit the Enter key after entering the data for a cell.

Font Style

The Font Style settings only apply to the text which is in the text box which is active (ie: where the cursor is). For example, if your wish to define the font style of the Table Title, click on that text box to make it active. Then select the format you wish to use for the text.

Table Preview

This area will show you a representation of the effects of Cell Padding, Cell Spacing and Border Size.

Table Formatting

The Table Paragraph has the ability to format itself, based on the data in the cells. For the majority of uses, the automatic formatting provides an optimum size. However, if you need better control over the data in the cells, you can define the actual size of your entire table in either pixels or a percentage of the page size.

Please note: when selecting percentage of page size, the format of your table may vary depending on the size of the users Browser window, if the formatting of the information within the table is important, we suggest you select pixels. This way your table will appear the way you intend in the Browser View.

Cell Padding: This is the space, in pixels, between the text in a cell and the cell border.

Cell Spacing: This is the space, in pixels, between each cell.

Border Size: If you wish, you can give your table a 3D raised border effect. This is the thickness of the border in pixels.

Center Table: Select this if you wish to center the entire table on the web page.

In all cases, a value of zero in these formats turns the feature off.


Remote Internet Resource Paragraph

Remote Internet Link

This creates a paragraph on the desired page that displays a clickable link to another web site or location on the Internet of your choosing.  (It supports any type of Internet protocol including ftp, shttp, mailto, etc..)

Remote Link Text

Enter the name of the web page as you would like it to appear in the link.

Icon Options

Click on the Select Icon button to choose an icon graphic to represent the link.

Appears at

The Icon you have selected can appear either to the left or the right of the link.

Link Destination

Enter the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) of the page to wish to link. You can accomplish this in 3 ways:

URL Builder

The URL Builder is a very powerful little helper. Click on this button to create a properly formed URL (Uniform Resource Locator). Based on the resource type (i.e. http://, ftp://, mailto://, etc), the URL builder knows the precise format for addressing these resources. It helps you by changing the input fields depending on the resource. You must know the server name, directory path and file name in order to do this.

Direct Entry

You may type in the URL address directly into the field. WARNING: You must be careful when entering this information. Spelling errors could result in a malformed URL, which may render the link invalid.

Previous Entry

Click on the down arrow to the right of the field to select from a list of URLs you have already referenced to on other pages.

Descriptive Text

Enter the text you wish to describe the link. The text will appear below the link on the page.

Font Style

The Font Style settings only apply to the text which is in the text box which is active (ie: where the cursor is). For example, if your wish to define the font style of the Remote Link Text, click on that text box to make it active. Then select the format you wish to use for the text.


Transactional Item Paragraph

Transactional Item

This creates a paragraph that may include, in a structured format, prices for products and services including volume discounts. It also allows you to add specific item oriented criteria which will be used to create a sophisticated search page for people browsing your web site. This paragraph can create links to an interactive transactional shopping basket. Contact your hosting service for further details. The Transactional Item structure is also designed for use with non-orderable items as well (i.e. real estate, etc).

Transactional Item Name

This is the name of your product for sale.

Descriptive Text

This is the description of your product for sale.

User Defined Fields

Here you can enter information pertaining to your product. You must, however, first define the names of your fields by selecting User Defined Fields under the Setup menu. Once you have done this, the fields that you have defined will show up in this dialog and you will be able to enter the relevant information.

Font Style

The Font Style settings only apply to the text which is in the text box which is active (ie: where the cursor is). For example, if your wish to define the font style of the Transactional Item Name, click on that text box to make it active. Then select the format you wish to use for the text.

Icon Options

Click on the Select Icon button to choose an icon graphic to represent the link. The default icon is that of a Bar Code graphic.

Transactional Processing Fields

Define your price structure for your product. This system allows you to have multiple prices based on the quantity ordered. For example, 1 unit ordered would cost $6.99 while 11-20 units would cost $5.99/each

Item Number

This is the Item Number of your product. The number entered here should correspond to your organizations internal stock numbers to simplify the processing of Internet orders.

Shipping and Handling

You have complete control over the costs associated with shipping and handling.

Overnight

This is your cost for shipping via overnight courier.

2 day

This is your cost for shipping via next-day air courier.

UPS Ground

This is your cost for shipping via ground mail.


Image Object Paragraph

Image

This creates a paragraph on the desired page that includes images.

Image Caption

Enter the caption or title of the image. If you would like to display the file size of the image along with the caption click on the box under the caption field. Having the size of the image in the caption is quite useful, because it helps the users to decide if they want to download the image according to how long it will take based on their access speed vs. the size of the image.

Image Preview Box

To select an image click on the Select Image... button. You will be prompted to select an image file. Currently the only supported graphic formats on Web Browsers are GIF and JPEG files. The selected image will be previewed in the small box above the Select Image... button, the image filename will also be displayed.

You also have the option to display the image in five ways:

Caption Only

Only the Image Caption is displayed to start in the Browser View. The Caption is linked to the image so that when it is clicked, the image is displayed on its own page.

Use small thumbnail

The image will be represented by a small thumbnail.  When the thumbnail is clicked, the image is displayed on its own page. The thumbnail will be shown and you have the option of changing it.

Use icon

The image will be represented by a small icon. When the icon is clicked, the image is displayed on its own page. The icon will be shown and you have the option of changing it.

Display Image Inline

The image will be displayed in its original size on the page. If the graphic file is large, this could significantly slow the loading of your web page once on-line.

Insert as a clickable Image Map

The image will be displayed in its original size on the page, and can be used as a clickable navigational map. In order to define the map, you need to create the map with a special program.

Picture Frame Size

You can have a frame around your image if you choose. The number shown in the box is the thickness of the frame in pixels. If you do not want a frame around your image then set the frame size to zero.

Text Flow

With this box checked, you can have text wrap around the image, but only under the following circumstances due to the limitations of HTML:

The Image Paragraph must come above the text that needs to wrap. The image must also be displayed as an inline image, and be either left or right justified. Text in HTML cannot wrap around both sides of an image that is centered on a page.

Font Style

Select the format you wish to use for the Caption.

A NOTE ABOUT GRAPHIC FILES

By saving your images in both GIF and JPEG formats, you will begin to see how each format handles each image. Although many other image formats are supported, we have found these to be the most efficient.

Depending upon the photo or paint editing program that you are using, JPEG has a number of compression levels available: High loss, Medium loss, Low loss and No loss compression. Based upon our experiences, you will usually find that the High and Medium loss settings are adequate. The greater the compression, the more the resolution and color accuracy of the image diminishes. Only the experimentation of saving your pictures in these three formats (GIF, JPEG High and Medium) will answer which is best for you.

One last note on these image issues; GIFs usually work when the photo editing program is in 8-bit (256 color) mode and JPEG  while the editor is in 24-bit (millions of colors) mode. Please refer to the manual for your editor program for further information.

As for acceptable image file size, optimally, we would recommend that they be kept under 50Kb. This is no easy task, especially for pictures where the detail of image is critical to the viewer, at which point there is no getting around this recommendation. As a rule of thumb, users usually think twice before viewing images larger than 150Kb over the Internet. The final decision is yours, and only experimentation will give you confidence.

A graphic image can be of any size, but bear in mind that a larger image will take a longer time to display. This is especially important since many users connect to the Internet at lower speeds, this delay can cause frustration and turn away a potential customer.


Audio Object Paragraph

Audio

This creates a paragraph on the desired page which allows the user to hear an audio file.

Audio Link Title

Enter the title of the audio clip. If you would like to display the file size of the audio clip along with the title click on the box above the title field.

File Icon

Click on this button to select an icon to represent your audio clip.

Appears at

The Icon you have selected can appear either to the left or the right of the Audio Link Title.

Descriptive Text

Enter a brief description of the audio clip, you may also want to mention here what format the audio file is in. This text will appear under the title of your audio clip.

Source File

Click on the Browse... button to select your audio file. If Embed as Netscape 2.0 OLE object is checked, when the user selects the audio file running a Netscape browser, the Netscape application will automatically launch users audio player. If it is not checked, then the audio file will only be downloaded when selected.

Font Style

Select the format you wish to use for the Caption.

A word about audio files: There are a variety of different audio formats that exist, some formats work on multiple platforms (different kinds of computers), some only work on one. Some formats result in a larger audio file size, and some are more compact. You should use your best judgment when creating audio files. For further information on audio files, please refer do search in the on-line help.


Video Object Paragraph

Video

This button lets you place a video clip on your web page.

Video Link Title

Enter the title of the video clip. If you would like to display the file size of the video clip along with the title click on the box above the title field.

File Icon

Click on this button to select an icon to represent your video clip.

Appears at

The Icon you have selected can appear either to the left or the right of the Video Link Title.

Descriptive Text

Enter a brief description of the video clip, you may also want to mention here what format the video file is in. This text will appear under the title of your video clip.

Source File

Click on the Browse... button to select your video file. If Embed as Netscape 2.0 OLE object is checked, when the user selects the video file running a Netscape browser, the Netscape application will automatically launch users video player. If it is not checked, then the video file will only be downloaded when selected.

Font Style

Select the format you wish to use for the Caption.

A word about video files: There several different video formats that exist, the two most common ones are QuickTime and MPEG. Both can be played on any platform. MPEG video files use a proprietary compression scheme that results in significantly smaller file sizes.


Miscellaneous Binary Object Paragraph

Miscellaneous Binary

This button lets you place a binary file on your web page. A binary file can be any kind of file that can be opened on the users computer. The most common forms of Binary Files found on the Internet are Adobe Acrobat and PostScript files.

Binary Link Title

Enter the title of the binary file. If you would like to display the file size of the binary file along with the title click on the box above the title field.

File Icon

Click on this button to select an icon to represent your binary file.

Appears at

The Icon you have selected can appear either to the left or the right of the Binary Link Title.

Descriptive Text

Enter a brief description of the binary file, you may also want to mention here what format the binary file is in. This text will appear under the title of your binary file.

Source File

Click on the Browse... button to select your binary file. If Embed as Netscape 2.0 OLE object is checked, when the user selects the binary file running a Netscape browser, the Netscape application will automatically launch users relevant player. If it is not checked, then the binary file will only be downloaded when selected.

Font Style

Select the format you wish to use for the Caption.


Non-Internet Creator, HTML Paragraph

Non-Internet Creator HTML

For users who have already created a web page that they just cant afford to lose, this creates a paragraph that links to this pre-existing web page. PLEASE NOTE: Once an HTML file has been imported it cannot be edited or modified in Internet Creator.


Horizontal Rule Paragraph

Horizontal Rule

This is a stylistic element. It allows you to insert a horizontal line on your web page to visually separate sections of your web page. You can vary the thickness and length to achieve your desired effect.

Horizontal Rule Height

This controls the thickness of the Rule in pixels.

Horizontal Rule Width

This controls the length of the rule across the page. It can be specified either in pixels, or in a percentage of the width of the users page. The difference here is that when the browsers window is resized, the percentage width rule will also resize relative to the new window size.

Rule Style

Select the alignment of the rule: Left, Center, or Right. You can also specify if you want to give the rule a three-dimensional shadow by clicking on the 3D-Shadow box.


Freezing and Thawing of Paragraphs

Freeze/Thaw

The freeze and thaw commands are for expert HTML users only.

Freezing a page will allow you to take the .htm document for that page and edit it manually in a word processor. This way, you can add your own HTML code and/or modify the existing code generated by Internet Creator.

Thawing a page does the exact opposite of Freeze. It will return the Frozen page, with all of the modifications to it, and return it to its original state prior to the Freeze.

Note: By thawing a page, you will lose all changes you have made to that page. You might want to make a copy of the .htm file before Thawing.

To freeze a Page: click on the Page list Icon you want to Freeze then click on the Freeze button, the Page list Icon and all its contents will turn red.

To thaw a Page: click on the Page list Icon you want to Thaw then click on the Thaw button, the Page list icon and its contents will return to their original color.


Auto-logo and Auto-background Generators

Auto-Logo Generator

Internet Creator comes with a module that creates a complete organizational logo. It may be found under the Tools menu item. It is very simple to use. Simply type your organizational name in the top field. Then enter an organizational slogan, or whatever you desire, in the second text field.

You may adjust the font style and colors of the logo title and subtitles individually.

You may select an image from your collection or from among those supplied in the images subdirectory and add it to the logo by using the Image Browse button and enabling that feature.

You may adjust the positioning of the title and subtitle by using the drop-down text layout field.

Note: To use a layout other than those predefined, select Change the layout yourself in the text layout field. You will also need to select the image parameter to move.

Auto-Background Generator

If you have filled in your organizational name, the auto-background generator will use it as a default background impression.


HTML (web site) generation
Web site generation

Generate HTML

When you have finished creating your web site, you must convert the Internet Creator database file into the HTML language which is read and interpreted by Web Browsers. By clicking on this button, it tells Internet Creator to generate the Hypertext Markup Language code that is used to display your Web pages on the Internet. It translates all of the Page and Item structure and creates a series of .htm files. Each page has its own unique .htm file.

We recommend that you inspect your web site  using a Web Browser before you upload your site. In order to do this, run your Browser and select Open File from the File Menu item. Go to the directory where you created your site. In the directory, you will find another directory named HTML and within that directory find and open the file named index.htm, This is your Home Page for your Web Site. You can then navigate your site as you would on-line. You should thoroughly inspect your site before uploading it, checking for any errors. Then decide if and what you want to change in your site. Make your changes and regenerate the HTML. To see the changes youve made in your Browser, press the Reload button in the Browser program.


Auto-FTP Uploading
Web site uploading

Auto-upload FTP

Once you have generated your HTML for your web site, you must transfer your web pages onto a server in order to have them available to everyone on the Internet.

If you are using an Internet Presence Provider other than Forman Interactive Hosting Services (FIHS), then you must contact the Systems Administrator for your Provider to coordinate the uploading of your web site, however you should nonetheless read on to get an idea of what is involved. For information on subscribing to FIHS, please call Forman Interactive at (718)522-2260.

When you subscribe to FIHS, you will be given an Account Name, a Password and your directory path. Remember to keep your Password in a safe place. First, you must complete the Auto-Upload FTP Setup which can be found under the Setup menu item.

Host Server Name: For FIHS customers the Server name is ftp.register.com, others will have to contact their administrator for information.

Account Name: This is your account name as provided to you by FIHS.

Password: This is your Password as provided to you by FIHS.

Host Directory: This will usually consist of a forward slash plus your account name plus a forward slash (eg. /musicworld/ ).

Once you have entered in your FTP Setup information, you are ready to upload your web site to the server.

Click on the icon and the following dialog will appear:

Upload Options

You have the choice of uploading only the part of your site that you have modified, uploading the entire site, or resending the last site youve sent.

Compression Feature

If you wish, your site may be compressed into a .zip file to speed up the upload time.

Warning:

This service is a feature of FIHS and may not be available if you are subscribing elsewhere. Check First.

When the upload has completed, your site will be unzipped on the half-hour and on-line minutes later.

FIC Hosting Services

Forman Interactive can provide you with fast, secure, and reliable location for your web site on the Internet.

Additionally, Forman Interactives hosting services can take advantage of ALL the advanced features of Internet Creator.  This includes:

 processing of the email forms

 processing of the secure and regular email order forms

 processing the transactional shopping basket system

 processing of the keyword searching

 processing of the feature specific searching

 private newsgroups

 automatic unzipping of .zip files on the half-hour

Furthermore, Forman Interactive can provide the following hosting features to name a few:

 your own domain name

 extra email accounts under your own domain name

 auto responding email accounts

 pgp encryption

 public and private pgp keys

and more!


Transactional Ordering System
Ordering System

The ordering system used by Internet Creator was specifically designed and programmed for optimum functionality on the FIHS server. Other server hosts may offer similar ordering systems, which may work with this. This is how the system works with FIHS.

1.	When you see the item you wish to order, you are shown the cost per unit. Enter the quantity desired (default=1), select the shipping method (pop-up menu), then click the Add to Basket button.

2.	You are then presented with a view of your virtual shopping basket, containing the item you wish to purchase. At this point, you are still under no obligation to buy. You may then either amend your order, continue shopping, empty your basket or checkout.

3.	Your checkout page will look similar to this. You will be presented with all of the items that you placed in you virtual shopping basket to review. You are under no obligation to purchase until you click on the Submit button at the bottom of the page.

The form will ask you for all the necessary information: Name, Billing address & phone, Shipping address & phone, Credit Card information, etc.

If you look at the bottom left-hand corner of the browser window you will notice that the key is solid and no longer broken. This means that all information that you submit in the form is encrypted and secured information.

After completing all the necessary information, click on the submit button. Its that easy!

Note: The security/encryption features will only work if your host server is running a Netscape secure server AND the user is ALSO using a Netscape browser.


Email and Search Forms

Email Form

This is the standard forms interface for sending mail from the Browser View.

Search Form

This is the standard search form generated by Internet Creator. Note that the User-Defined Fields have become pop-up menus that contain all of different text that has been entered into the fields in the Transactional Items. You may also do a general wwais search with keywords.


HTML Reference

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) documents are in plain (also known as ASCII) text format and can be created using any text editor.

You can preview a document in progress with Netscape (and some other Web browsers). Open it with the Open Local command under the File menu. After you edit the source HTML file, save the changes. Return to Netscape and Reload the document. The changes are reflected in the on-screen display.

HTML tags consist of a left angle bracket (<), followed by name of the tag and closed by a right angular bracket (>). Tags are usually paired, e.g. <H1> and </H1>. The ending tag looks just like the starting tag except a slash (/) precedes the text within the brackets. In the example, <H1> tells the Web browser to start formatting a level-one heading; </H1> tells the browser that the heading is complete. NOTE: HTML is not case sensitive. <title> is equivalent to <TITLE> or <TiTlE>. Not all tags are supported by all World Wide Web browsers. If a browser does not support a tag, it just ignores it. On the following pages you will find some basic HTML commands with examples of their usage.

HTML Elements List

A

Description:

The A element brackets (or anchors) a piece of text (and/or image) which is identified as a hypertext link. The A element must have  an HREF attribute. The HREF attribute identifies a destination URL, and the bracketed text is rendered as a hypertext link to the URL. Browsers will display the contents of an A element with an HREF attribute in a special manner to indicate that if the contents are selected, the browser will execute that hypertext link. An A element with an HREF attribute may also be constructed by using the document URL   suffixed with #name. This will load the document, but will position the display starting at the location of this NAME tag.

Minimum Attributes:

<A HREF=...>characters...</A>

ADDRESS

Description:

The ADDRESS element defines a separated multi-line set of text to be rendered for address information.

Minimum Attributes:

<ADDRESS>characters... </ADDRESS>

B

Description:

The B element changes the physical rendering of the contents of the element to a bold font.

Minimum Attributes:

<B>characters... </B>

BASE

Description:

The BASE element provides the absolute URL base to be used for any relative URL links in this document. It must be a complete file name, and is usually the original URL of this document. If this file is moved, having the BASE set to the original URL eliminates the need to also move all the documents which are identified by relative URL links in this document.

Minimum Attributes:

<BASE HREF=...>

BLINK

Description:

The BLINK element changes the physical rendering of the contents of the element to a blinking font.

Minimum Attributes:

<BLINK>characters... </BLINK>

BLOCKQUOTE

Description:

The BLOCKQUOTE element defines a separated multi-line set of text to be rendered as quoted text.

Minimum Attributes:

<BLOCKQUOTE>characters... </BLOCKQUOTE>

BODY

Description:

The BODY element contains all the content of the document, as opposed to the HEAD, which contains information about the document. All displayable elements should be within the content of the BODY.

All Possible Attributes:

<BODY BACKGROUND=... BGCOLOR=... TEXT=#rrggbb LINK=#rrggbb VLINK=#rrggbb ALINK=#rrggbb> </BODY>

Variations;

Netscape 1.1 include the BACKGROUND attribute, which is a URL to point to an image to be reproduced to fill the background of the document. Netscape 1.1 documents the BGCOLOR extension. Netscape requires an #rrggbb number. The TEXT, LINK, VLINK, and ALINK attributes are Netscape 1.1 extensions

BR

Description:

The BR element breaks for a new line, but does not produce separation of text.

Minimum Attributes:

<BR>

CITE

Description:

The CITE element changes the character rendering of the contents of the element to logically represent a citation.

Minimum Attributes:

<CITE>characters... </CITE>

CODE

Description:

The CODE element changes the character rendering of the contents of the element to logically represent computer code. It is intended for short words or phrases. PRE is recommended for multiple-line listings.

Minimum Attributes:

<CODE>characters... </CODE>

DD

Description:

The DD element identifies the separated multi-line definition item in a DL definition list. In a DL list a DD should always be preceded by at least one DT element.

Minimum Attributes:

<DD>characters...

DL

Description:

The DL element defines a definition list. Each item in the list is expected to have two parts, identified by the <DT> and <DD> elements.

Minimum Attributes:

<DL></DL>

DT

Description:

The DT element identifies the separated term item in a DL definition list. Multiple DT elements may exist prior to a single DD element. In a DL list a DD should always be preceded by at least one DT element.

Minimum Attributes:

<DT>characters...

EM

Description:

The EM element changes the character rendering of the contents of the element to logically emphasize the text.

Minimum Attributes:

<EM>characters... </EM>

FONT

Description:

The FONT element changes the font size of the following characters to one of the seven defined sizes, or plus or minus from the document BASEFONT size.

Minimum Attributes:

<FONT SIZE=[+|-]1|2|3|4|5|6|7>

FORM

Description:

The FORM element creates a fill-out form. The browser permits the user to enter information in the fields of the form and sends this information to a cgi-bin script on a server identified as a URL by the ACTION attribute. METHOD=GET (the default) appends the input information to the ACTION URL which on most receiving systems becomes the value of the environment variable QUERY_STRING. METHOD=POST (the preferred) sends the input information in a data body which is available on stdin with the data length set in the environment variable CONTENT_LENGTH. Form data is a stream of name=value pairs separated by the & character. Each name=value pair is URL encoded, i.e. spaces are changed into the plus character and some characters are encoded into hexadecimal. At least one of the following is expected inside the FORM contents: INPUT, SELECT, TEXTAREA.

Minimum Attributes:

<FORM></FORM>

All Possible Attributes:

<FORM ACTION=... METHOD=GET|POST ENCTYPE=... LANG=... DIR=ltr|rtl ACCEPT-CHARSET=... SCRIPT=...> </FORM>

H1

Description:

The H1 element identifies text to be separated and displayed as the most prominent header.

Minimum Attributes:

<H1>characters... </H1>

H2

Description:

The H2 element identifies text to be separated and displayed less prominently than H1 but more prominently than H3.

Minimum Attributes:

<H2>characters... </H2>

H3

Description:

The H3 element identifies text to be separated and displayed less prominently than H2 but more prominently than H4.

Minimum Attributes:

<H3>characters... </H3>

H4

Description:

The H4 element identifies text to be separated and displayed less prominently than H3 but more prominently than H5.

Minimum Attributes:

<H4>characters... </H4>

H5

Description:

The H5 element identifies text to be separated and displayed less prominently than H4 but more prominently than H6.

Minimum Attributes:

<H5>characters... </H5>

H6

Description:

The H6 element identifies text to be separated and displayed less prominently than H5 but more prominently than default text.

Minimum Attributes:

<H6>characters... </H6>

HEAD

Description:

The HEAD contains general information about the document. None of the elements authorized to exist in the contents of the HEAD are displayed; the displayed material is found within the BODY.

Minimum Attributes:

<HEAD> </HEAD>

HR

Description:

The HR element produces a divider between sections of text.

Minimum Attributes:

<HR>

All Possible Attributes:

<HR DIR=ltr|rtl ALIGN=left|right|center|justify ID=... CLASS=... CLEAR=left|right|all|... SRC=... MD=... SIZE=number WIDTH=number|percent NOSHADE>

HTML

Description:

The HTML element is intended to bracket the entire HTML text in the document. All other HTML elements are inside the start and end of the HTML element.

Minimum Attributes:

<HTML> </HTML>

I

Description:

The I element changes the physical rendering of the contents of the element to an italics (or slanted) font.

Minimum Attributes:

<I>characters... </I>

IMG

Description:

The IMG element allows an image file to be inserted within an HTML document along with the text. The ALT attribute defines parsed character data that will be displayed if the image is not or cannot be displayed by the browser. The SRC attribute identifies a URL for retrieving the image. The ISMAP attribute is only meaningful if the IMG element is within the contents of an A element, and a responding cgi-bin program has been established at the URL identified by the HREF attribute of the A element. If a single A element spans both an image and text, the cgi-bin program will receive the HREF input values, if any, if the text is selected, or the x,y cursor pixel coordinates relative to 0,0 as the the upper-left corner of the image if the image is selected. For references to this advanced feature, see Acknowledgements.

Minimum Attributes:

<IMG SRC=...>

All Possible Attributes:

<IMG SRC=... ALT=... ISMAP LANG=... DIR=lrt|rtl ID=... CLASS=... MD=... ALIGN=bottom|middle|top|left|right|texttop|absmiddle|baseline|absbottom HEIGHT=value WIDTH=value UNITS=... BORDER=value LOWSRC=... HSPACE=value VSPACE=value USEMAP=... DYNSRC=... START=fileopen|mouseover CONTROLS LOOP=number|INFINITE|-1 LOOPDELAY=number>

INPUT

Description:

The INPUT element is used to specify a simple input field as part of the contents in a FORM element. TYPE=text is default. NAME defines the symbolic name of the field returned to the server on submission and must be present for all but TYPE=submit|reset. For TYPE=checkbox|radio, multiple INPUT elements may have the same NAME value. TYPE=radio insures that exactly one choice amongst INPUT elements with the same NAME value is selected at all times. VALUE is used to specify a default. For TYPE=text|password VALUE defines default text to be returned, which normally is null. For TYPE=password the value should be obscured as it is entered. For TYPE=checkbox|radio VALUE defines the value returned when the checkbox or radio is selected, which defaults to on For TYPE=submit|reset VALUE defines the label for the pushbutton. Multiple TYPE=submit should have different NAME values to identify which submission button was selected. CHECKED defaults the specific checkbox or radio INPUT to selected. For TYPE=radio the default element checked is the first among those with the same NAME value. TYPE=image defines an image, whose URLis identified by the SRC attribute, which, when clicked, performs the form submission and sends the X,Y coordinates of the click, similar to ISMAP in the IMG element. SIZE and MAXLENGTH are only used with TYPE=text|password. SIZE is the physical size of the displayed input field expressed in characters or characters,rows. MAXLENGTH is the maximum number of characters that are accepted as input.

Minimum Attributes:

<INPUT>

All Possible Attributes:

<INPUT TYPE=text | password | checkbox | radio | submit | reset | hidden | image | file | range | scribble | jot LANG=... DIR=ltr|rtl ID=... CLASS=... NAME=... VALUE=... SRC=... CHECKED SIZE=... MAXLENGTH=number ALIGN=top|middle|bottom|left|right ACCEPT=... DISABLED ERROR=... MIN=number MAX=number MD=...>

ISINDEX

Description:

This element appears to be a precursor to the <FORM> element which has more features. When placed in the BODY of the document, it requires the ACTION attribute to point to a cgi-bin program which can handle the query, and produces a simple INPUT field with a prompt of: This is a searchable index. Enter search keywords: When placed in the HEAD of the document, it informs the browser that the document is an index document and can be examined using a keyword search. The ISINDEX element is usually generated automatically by a server-side script.

Minimum Attributes:

<ISINDEX>

LI

Description:

The LI element defines a list item. It is rendered differently depending upon the list within which it appears.

Minimum Attributes:

<LI>characters...

LINK

Description:

The LINK element is used to indicate a relationship between this document and other documents or objects. Multiple LINK elements may exist in a document. A LINK in document A with an HREF to document/object B with REL=relation identifies a relationship that B has to A that A recognizes/authorizes/verifies. A LINK in document B with an HREF to document/object A with REV=relation that is the identical relation identifies a desired/expected/claimed relationship of B to document/object A, but must be verified by checking with A. For further description of the LINK attributes, see the A element.

Minimum Attributes:

<LINK HREF=... >

LISTING

Description:

The LISTING element defined a separated multi-line set of text to be rendered as it exists in the source document with the same line breaks.

Minimum Attributes:

<LISTING>characters... </LISTING>

MENU

Description:

The MENU element defines an unordered list consisting of a number of separated multi-line <LI> elements which may or may not be marked by a bullet or similar symbol.

Minimum Attributes:

<MENU></MENU>

META

Description:

The META element is used within the HEAD element to embed document meta-information not defined by other HTML elements. Such information may be extracted by servers/browsers. The HTTP-EQUIV attribute binds the element to an HTTP response header. If not present, the NAME attribute should be used to identify this meta-information and it should not be used within an HTTP response header. If the NAME attribute is not present, the name can be assumed equal to the value of HTTP-EQUIV. The CONTENT attribute defines the meta-information content to be associated with the given name and/or HTTP response header.

Minimum Attributes:

<META CONTENT=... >

OL

Description:

The OL element defines an ordered list consisting of a number of separated multi-line <LI> elements, and ordered numerically in some way.

Minimum Attributes:

<OL></OL>

OPTION

Description:

The OPTION element identifies a choice in a SELECT element, which in turn is part of the contents of a FORM element. SELECTED specifies that this option is selected by default. If SELECT allows MULTIPLE, then multiple options may be SELECTED. If the VALUE attribute it not present and the OPTION is selected, the OPTION contents is returned upon submission of the FORM. If the VALUE attribute is present and the OPTION is selected, the value of the VALUE attribute is returned instead of the contents.

Minimum Attributes:

<OPTION>characters...

P

Description:

The P element is used to denote a paragraph break, and separates two blocks of text. Many other elements automatically imply a text separation, such as headings, list elements, blockquotes, etc.

Minimum Attributes:

<P>characters...

PRE

Description:

The PRE element defines a separated multi-line set of text to be rendered as it exists in the source document with the same line breaks and spaces. Normal text removes multiple spaces and line breaks in the source.

Minimum Attributes:

<PRE>characters... </PRE>

SAMP

Description:

The SAMP element changes the character rendering of the contents of the element to logically represent a sequence of literal characters.

Minimum Attributes:

<SAMP>characters... </SAMP>

SELECT

Description:

The SELECT element defines a menu of a series of selectable input in a FORM, each identified with the OPTION element. At least one OPTION element is expected within the SELECT contents. NAME is the symbolic name of the field returned to the server on submission. SIZE determines the number of OPTIONS physically visible when the browser displays the FORM. The default selection will be the first OPTION in the SELECT contents. The MULTIPLE attribute, if present, allows multiple selections, and causes no OPTION to be the default.

Minimum Attributes:

<SELECT NAME=...>characters... </SELECT>

STRONG

Description:

The STRONG element changes the character rendering of the contents of the element to logically strengthen the text.

Minimum Attributes:

<STRONG>characters... </STRONG>

TABLE

Description:

The TABLE element defines a series of rows of table cell elements. The contents of the TABLE element contains a sequence of elements which describe various parts of the table. The order in the sequence is important and consists of: at most one CAPTION element, possibly some COL or possibly some COLGROUP elements, at most one THEAD element, at most one TFOOT element, and finally at least one TBODY element or at least one TR element.

Minimum Attributes:

<TABLE></TABLE>

All Possible Attributes:

<TABLE LANG=... DIR=ltr|rtl ID=... CLASS=... ALIGN=left|right|center|justify|bleedleft|bleedright WIDTH=... COLS=number BORDER=... FRAME=void|above|below|hsides|lhs|rhs|vsides|box|border RULES=none|basic|rows|cols|all CELLSPACING=... CELLPADDING=... CLEAR=left|right|all|... NOFLOW UNITS=en|relative|pixels COLSPEC=... DP=... NOWRAP></TABLE>

TD

Description:

The TD element defines a data cell as part of the TABLE construct. Both TH and TD elements can exist in any one of the three table sections: THEAD, TFOOT, or TBODY.

Minimum Attributes:

<TD>

TH

Description:

The TH element defines a header cell as part of the TABLE construct. The browser should render the table to cause some difference between TH elements and TD elements. Both TH and TD elements can exist in any one of the three table sections: THEAD, TFOOT, or TBODY.

Minimum Attributes:

<TH>

THEAD

Description:

The THEAD element encloses a series of table row definitions and specifies the defaults for all the rows in this group. Table rows are grouped inside the TABLE content into at most one THEAD, at most one TFOOT, and at least one TBODY sections, in that order. Depending on the capabilities of the browser, this sectioning can be used to repeat table head and foot rows when breaking tables across page boundaries, or to provide fixed headers above and footers below a scrollable body panel, or other similar rendering schemes.

Minimum Attributes:

<THEAD>


TITLE

Description:

The TITLE is not part of the document text. Often the title is used by a browser to label the display window. Some Web search engines only search the title of Web pages. Therefore the text of the TITLE should be kept short but sufficient to identify the document.

Minimum Attributes:

<TITLE>characters... </TITLE>

TR

Description:

The TR element defines a table row in one of the three sections of the TABLE construct: THEAD, TFOOT, or TBODY. The contents of the TR element is required to contain at least one of either the TH element or the TD element.

Minimum Attributes:

<TR>

TT

Description:

The TT element changes the physical rendering of the contents of the element to a fixed width teletype font.

Minimum Attributes:

<TT>characters... </TT>

U

Description:

The U element changes the physical rendering of the contents of the element to an underlined font.

Minimum Attributes:

<U>characters... </U>

UL

Description:

The UL element defines an unordered list consisting of a number of separated multi-line <LI> elements, and usually marked by a bullet or similar symbol.

Minimum Attributes:

<UL></UL>

VAR

Description:

The VAR element changes the character rendering of the contents of the element to logically represent a variable name.

Minimum Attributes:

<VAR>characters... </VAR>

HTML Elements List  Netscape v2.0 Specific

APPLET

Description:

The APPLET element replaced the APP element as the mechanism to identify and invoke a JAVA(tm) application. A browser that understands this element will ignore everything in the content of the APPLET element except the PARAM elements. Browsers that do not understand this element should ignore it and the PARAM elements and instead process the content of the element. Thus the content is the alternate HTML if the application is not invoked. CODE is the name of the file that contains the compiled Applet subclass. This name is relative to the base URL of the applet and cannot be an absolute URL. WIDTH and HEIGHT give the initial width and height (in pixels) of the applet display area. CODEBASE specifies the base URL of the applet. ALT specifies parsed character data to be displayed if the brower understands the APPLET tag but cant/wont run them. NAME specifies a name for the applet instance, which allows applets on the same page to commuicate with each other. ALIGN specifies the display alignment. VSPACE and HSPACE specify the reserved space around the applet (in pixels).

Minimum Attributes:

<APPLET CODE=... WIDTH=... HEIGHT=...>characters... </APPLET>

All Possible Attributes:

<APPLET CODE=... WIDTH=... HEIGHT=... CODEBASE=... ALT=... NAME=... ALIGN=left|right|top|texttop|middle|absmiddle|baseline|bottom|absbottom VSPACE=... HSPACE=...>characters... </APPLET>

AREA

Description:

The AREA element specifies a single area of an image which, if selected, will link to the hyperlink identified by HREF. If multiple AREA elements in the same MAP define overlapping areas, the first encountered takes precedence.

Minimum Attributes:

<AREA COORDS=...>

BASEFONT

Description:

Change the document base font size to one of the seven defined sizes. The default is 3.

Minimum Attributes:

<BASEFONT SIZE=1|2|3|4|5|6|7>

BIG

Description:

The BIG element changes the physical rendering of the contents of the element to a bigger font than normal text, if practical.

Minimum Attributes:

<BIG>characters... </BIG>

CAPTION

Description:

The CAPTION element is used to label a table or figure. The ALIGN attribute specifies on which outside edge to place the caption.

Minimum Attributes:

<CAPTION>characters... </CAPTION>

CENTER

Description:

All contents within the CENTER element is to be centered between the current left and right margin.

Minimum Attributes:

<CENTER>characters... </CENTER>

EMBED

Description:

The EMBED element defines a container that allows the insertion of arbitrary objects directly into an HTML page. Embedded objects are supported by application-specific plug-ins. EMBED is defined to allow arbitrary attributes.

Minimum Attributes:

<EMBED SRC=...>

All Possible Attributes:

<EMBED SRC=... HEIGHT=... WIDTH=... attribute_1=... attribute_2=... ...>characters... </EMBED>

FRAME

Description:

The FRAME element defines a single frame in a frameset. The SRC attribute value is the URL of the document to be displayed in this frame. A FRAME element without a SRC is displayed as blank space. The NAME element assigns a name to the frame to be used as a target of hyperlinks. (See the A element) The SCROLLING attribute is used to define whether the frame should have a scrollbar, and defaults to the value auto. Presence of the NORESIZE attribute prevents the frame from being resized by the user.

Minimum Attributes:

<FRAME>

All Possible Attributes:

<FRAME SRC=... NAME=... MARGINWIDTH=... MARGINHEIGHT=... SCROLLING=yes|no|auto NORESIZE>

FRAMESET

Description:

The FRAMESET element is used instead of the BODY element. It is used in an HTML document whose sole purpose is to define the layout of the sub-HTML documents, or Frames, that will make up the page. The ROWS and COLS values are comma-separated lists describing the row-heights and column-widths of the Frames.

Minimum Attributes:

<FRAMESET>characters... </FRAMESET>

All Possible Attributes:

<FRAMESET ROWS=... COLS=...>characters... </FRAMESET>

MAP

Description:

The MAP element is used to name and describe a client-side image map. This is a set of areas defined on an image which can be selected for hyperlinks. NAME defines the map name to be used with the USEMAP attribute on an IMG element.

Minimum Attributes:

<MAP NAME=...></MAP>

NOBR

Description:

All text between the start and end of the NOBR elements cannot have line breaks inserted between them.

Minimum Attributes:

<NOBR>characters... </NOBR>

NOEMBED

Description:

The NOEMBED element defines content within EMBED content that is to be ignored by browsers that can activiate the EMBED plug-in application. Browsers that cant/wont activate the EMBED plug-in but that understand the EMBED/NOEMBED elements or browsers that do not understand the EMBED/NOEMBED elements will display the NOEMBED content.

Minimum Attributes:

<NOEMBED>characters... </NOEMBED>

NOFRAMES

Description:

The NOFRAMES element defines content within FRAMESET content that is to be ignored by browsers that can define Frames. Browsers that cant/wont define Frames but that understand the FRAMESET/NOFRAMES elements or browsers that do not understand the FRAMESET/NOFRAMES elements will display the NOFRAMES content.

Minimum Attributes:

<NOFRAMES>characters... </NOFRAMES>

PARAM

Description:

The PARAM element is a mechanism to define general purpose parameters to be passed to APPLET applications. NAME is the name of the parameter and VALUE will be obtained by the applet with the getParameter() method.

Minimum Attributes:

<PARAM NAME=... VALUE=...>

SMALL

Description:

The SMALL element changes the physical rendering of the contents of the element to a smaller font than normal text, if practical.

Minimum Attributes:

<SMALL>characters... </SMALL>

SUB

Description:

The SUB element changes the physical rendering of the contents of the element to a subscripted position.

Minimum Attributes:

<SUB>characters... </SUB>

SUP

Description:

The SUP element changes the physical rendering of the contents of the element to a superscripted position.

Minimum Attributes:

<SUP>characters... </SUP>

TEXTAREA

Description:

The TEXTAREA element is used to specify a multiline input field as part of the contents in a FORM element. NAME defines the symbolic name of the field returned to the server on submission. The characters between the opening and closing tags define the text to be initially displayed in the textarea, and the default text to be returned, normally null. Only ASCII text is allowed as characters, and newlines are respected. ROWS and COLS define the physical size of the displayed input field in numbers of characters.

Minimum Attributes:

<TEXTAREA NAME=... ROWS=... COLS=...> </TEXTAREA>

WBR

Description:

The WBR element exists to force the possibility of a word break in a no-break section.

Minimum Attributes:

<WBR>

HTML Elements List  v3.0 Specific

AU

Description:

The AU element changes the character rendering of the contents of the element to logically represent the name of an author.

Minimum Attributes:

<AU>characters... </AU>

BANNER

Description:

The BANNER element is proposed for corporate logos, navigation aids, disclaimers and other information which shouldnt be scrolled with the rest of the document.

Minimum Attributes:

<BANNER>characters... </BANNER>

BDO

Description:

The BDO element is a directional override feature needed to deal with unusual pieces of text in which directionality cannot be resolved from context in an unambiguous fashion. It requires the DIR attribute. The meaning of DIR is different on BDO than on inline text markup elements. For BDO the DIR attribute is a bidi override, forcing the directionnality of even those characters that have strong directionnality. On inline elements, DIR indicates a new directional embedding level, affecting mostly the neutrals and the overall layout.

Minimum Attributes:

<BDO DIR=ltr|rtl>characters... </BDO>

BQ

Description:

The BQ element defines a multi-line set of text to be rendered as quoted text. The content of the BQ element may optionally contain the CREDIT element.

Minimum Attributes:

<BQ> </BQ>

COL

Description:

The COL element specifies column based defaults for table properties.

Minimum Attributes:

<COL>

COLGROUP

Description:

The COLGROUP element defines a group of one or more columns and specifies the defaults for all the columns in this group.

Minimum Attributes:

<COLGROUP>

CREDIT

Description:

The CREDIT element is used to name the source of a block quotation or figure.

Minimum Attributes:

<CREDIT>characters... </CREDIT>

DEL

Description:

The DEL element changes the character rendering of the contents of the element to logically represent deleted text, for instance in modifications in legal documents.

Minimum Attributes:

<DEL>characters... </DEL>

DIV

Description:

The DIV element is proposed to be used with the CLASS attribute to represent different kinds of containers, e.g. chapter, section, abstract, or appendix.

Minimum Attributes:

<DIV>characters... </DIV>

FIG

Description:

The FIG element is an advanced form of the IMG element to define an image, with optional overlays, text elements and hotzones, to be inserted within a document. The structure of the contents of the FIG element expects a series of optional overlay images defined by OVERLAY elements, followed by an optional CAPTION element, followed by text to be presented as an alternative to the image(s) and which may contain normal text elements as well as hypertext links defined by A elements with SHAPE attributes to identify hotzones on the image, finally completed by an optional CREDIT element.

Minimum Attributes:

<FIG SRC=...></FIG>

FN

Description:

The FN element logically identifies text to be presented as a footnote. The reference location for the footnote is expected to be an A element whose HREF attribute references the ID of the FN element.

Minimum Attributes:

<FN ID=...>characters... </FN>

INS

Description:

The INS element changes the character rendering of the contents of the element to logically represent inserted text, for instance in modifications in legal documents.

Minimum Attributes:

<INS>characters... </INS>

LANG

Description:

The LANG element is used to change the default LANG context for subsequent elements from the current default. A LANG attribute on an element overrides this default LANG context for the content of that particular element.

Minimum Attributes:

<LANG>characters... </LANG>

LH

Description:

The LH element defines a list header used as a title for a list. Browsers can use this in place of the full list when a mechanism is provided to fold and unfold nested lists.

Minimum Attributes:

<LH>characters... </LH>

NOTE

Description:

The NOTE element changes the rendering of the contents of the element to logically represent separated notational text. The SRC attribute specifies an image to appear preceding the note.

Minimum Attributes:

<NOTE>characters... </NOTE>

OVERLAY

Description:

The OVERLAY element is used to overlay one or more images on top of a FIG image. The X and Y attributes identify the offsets from the top left of the FIG where the top left of the overlay will be placed.

Minimum Attributes:

<OVERLAY SRC=...>

PERSON

Description:

The PERSON element changes the character rendering of the contents of the element to logically represent the name of people to allow these to be extracted automatically by indexing programs.

Minimum Attributes:

<PERSON>characters... </PERSON>

Q

Description:

The Q element changes the character rendering of the contents of the element to logically represent a short quotation.

Minimum Attributes:

<Q>characters... </Q>

S

Description:

The S element changes the physical rendering of the contents of the element to a font with a strikeout line through the letters.

Minimum Attributes:

<S>characters... </S>

TAB

Description:

The TAB element aligns the following text according to a defined horizontal position. A TAB position can be defined by the ID attribute. Text is positioned using the TO and/or ALIGN attributes, or the INDENT attribute.

Minimum Attributes:

<TAB>characters...

TBODY

Description:

The TBODY element encloses a series of table row definitions and specifies the defaults for all the rows in this group. Table rows are grouped inside the TABLE content into at most one THEAD, at most one TFOOT, and at least one TBODY sections, in that order. Depending on the capabilities of the browser, this sectioning can be used to repeat table head and foot rows when breaking tables across page boundaries, or to provide fixed headers above and footers below a scrollable body panel, or other similar rendering schemes.

Minimum Attributes:

<TBODY>

TFOOT

Description:

The TFOOT element encloses a series of table row definitions and specifies the defaults for all the rows in this group. Table rows are grouped inside the TABLE content into at most one THEAD, at most one TFOOT, and at least one TBODY sections, in that order. Depending on the capabilities of the browser, this sectioning can be used to repeat table head and foot rows when breaking tables across page boundaries, or to provide fixed headers above and footers below a scrollable body panel, or other similar rendering schemes.

Minimum Attributes:

<TFOOT>


Further Reading

The following is a comprehensive list of books and publications that encompass the vast scope of available information concerning the internet and all it had to offer. The books are categorized by areas of interest. For your convenience, the listing provides the book title, author name, publisher and year of publication. Only books from 1994 onwards are listed, because books published prior to 1993 are mostly obsolete since the internet is evolving at such a rapid pace.

Beginner Level Books

A guided tour of the Internet, Crumlish, Christian. Sybex, 1995.

An Internet education: a guide to doing research on the Internet, Harris, Cheryl. Integrated Media Group, 1995.

Connecting to the Internet: a buyers guide, Estrada, Susan. OReilly & Associates, 1993.

Easy Internet, Miller, Michael. Que, 1994.

Everybodys guide to the internet, Gaffin, Adam. MIT Press, 1994.

Getting Started With the Internet (Getting Started With Windows Series), Lumpkin, Joan Brady/ Durnbaugh, Susan B. John Wiley & Sons

How the Internet works, Eddings, Joshua. Ziff-Davis Press, 1994.

How to use the Internet, Butler, Mark. Ziff-Davis Press, 1994.

Information Superhighway illustrated, Eager, William. Que, 1994.

Infosurfing through the net: how to get on-line computer services and ride the information wave, Alexander, David/Preisler, Jerome. Avon Books, 1995.

Internet basics: your online access to the global electronic superhighway, Lambert, Steve/Howe, Walt. Random House Electronic Pub, 1993.

Internet guide for Windows 95., James, Phil/Weingarten, Jan. Ventana Press, 1995.

Internet in plain English, Pfaffenberger, Bryan. MIS Press, 1994.

Internetgetting started, Marine, April. Prentice Hall, 1994.

Teach yourself the Internet: around the world in 21 days, Randall, Neil. Sams, 1994.

The Easy Internet Handbook, Mostafa, Javed/Newell, Thomas/Trenthem, Richard. Libraries Unlimited

The instant Internet guide: hands-on global networking, Heslop, Brent D/Angell, David. Addison-Wesley, 1994.

The Internet book: everything you need to know about computer networking and how the Internet works, Comer, Douglas. Prentice Hall, 1995.

 	The Internet companion: a beginners guide to global networking, LaQuey, Tracy L. Addison-Wesley, 1994.

The Internet Guide for New Users, Dern, Daniel P.

The Internet quickstart, Pike, Mary Ann/Pike, Tod G. Que, 1994.

The Internet troubleshooter: help for the logged-on and lost, John, Nancy/Valauskas, Edward. American Library Association, 1994.

The Internet: The Users Guide for Everyone, Junor, Bill/Demontravel, Chris. Branden

The WEB empowerment book: an introduction and connection guide to the Internet and the World-Wide Web, Abraham, Ralph Jas/Arnoud, Frank/Russell, Willard. TELOS, 1995.

Using the Internet, Eager, William. Que, 1994.

Windows on the Internet: the complete toolchest on CD-ROM, Morphet, John P. McGraw-Hill, 1995.

Zen and the art of the Internet: a beginners guide, Kehoe, Brendan P. Prentice Hall, 1996.

General Topics

Cultural treasures of the Internet, Clark, Michael. Prentice Hall, 1995.

Internet, Gosselin,David. DDC Pub, 1995.

Internet access essentials, Tittel, Ed/Robbins, Margaret. AP Professional, 1995.

Internet Insider, Prevost, Ruffin.

Internet system handbook, Lynch, Daniel C/Rose, Marshall T. Addison-Wesley, 1993.

Mastering the Internet, Cady, Glee Harrah/McGregor, Pat. Sybex, 1995.

Navigating the Internet, Smith, Richard. Howard W Sams, 1995.

Riding the Internet highway, Fisher, Sharon/Vaughan-Nicholas, Steven J. New Riders, 1994.

Silicon snake oil: second thoughts on the information highway, Stoll, Clifford. Doubleday, 1995.

The Internet, Hoffman, Paul. IDG Books Worldwide

The Internet complete reference, Hahn, Harley/Stout, Rick. Osborne McGraw-Hill, 1994.

The Internet for everyone: a guide for users and providers, Wiggins, Richard W. McGraw-Hill, 1995.

The Internet instant reference, Hoffman, Paul. Sybex, 1995.

The World Wide Web unleashed, December, John/Randall, Neil. Sams, 1994.

Using the World Wide Web, Eager, William. Que, 1994.

World Wide Web bible, Pfaffenberger, Bryan. MIS Press, 1995.

Your Internet consultant: the FAQs of life online, Savetz, Kevin. Sams, 1994.

Business on the Internet

A pocket tour of law on the Internet, Gross, Michael. Sybex, 1995.

A pocket tour of money on the Internet, Fister, Mark. Sybex, 1995.

Cybermarketing, Keeler, Len. AMACOM, 1995.

CyberStrategies: how to build an Internet-based information system, Carroll, Mike L. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996.

Digital cash: commerce on the Net, Wayner, Peter. AP Professional, 1996.

Doing more business on the Internet: how the electronic highway is transforming American companies, Cronin, Mary J. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995.

eMarketing, Godin, Seth. Berkley, 1995.

Guerrilla marketing online: the entrepreneurs guide to earning profits on the Internet, Levinson, Jay Conrad. Houghton Mifflin Co, 1995.

Implementing the Internet for Business, Cameron, Debra. Computer Technology Research

Law on the Net, Evans, James. Nolo Press, 1995.

Making Money on the Internet, Glossbrenner, Alfred/Glossbrenner, Emily. Windcrest

Marketing on the Internet: multimedia strategies for the World Wide Web, Ellsworth, Jill H/Ellsworth, Matthew V. John Wiley & Sons, 1995.

Marketing online: low-cost, high-yield strategies for small businesses & professionals, Yudkin, Marcia. Plume, 1995.

Online market research: cost-effective searching of the Internet and online databases, Lescher, John F. Addison-Wesley, 1995.

Online marketing handbook: how to sell, advertise, publicize, and promote your products and services on the Internet and commercial online systems, Janal, Daniel S. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995.

Online resources for business: getting the information your business needs to stay competitive, Glossbrenner, Alfred/Rosenberg, John. John Wiley & Sons, 1995.

Politics on the Net, Mann, Bill. Que, 1995.

The Internet business companion: growing your business in the electronic age, Angell, David/Heslop, Brent D. Addison-Wesley, 1995.

The Internet business guide: riding the information superhighway to profit, Resnick, Rosalind. Sams, 1994.

World Wide Web marketing: new techniques for marketing on the Internet, Sterne, Jim. John Wiley & Sons, 1995.

HTML and Web Publishing

10 minute guide to HTML, Evans, Tim. Que, 1995.

Creating cool web pages with HTML, Taylor, Dave. IDG Books Worldwide, 1995.

Foundations of the World Wide Web and HTML programming, Tittel, Ed. IDG Books Worldwide, 1995.

How to publish on the Internet: a comprehensive step-by step guide to creative expression on the World Wide Web, Fry, Andrew/Paul, David W. Warner Books, 1995.

HTML CD: an Internet publishing toolkit, Neou, Vivian/Recker, Mimi. Prentice Hall, 1996.

HTML for dummies, Tittel, Ed. IDG Books Worldwide, 1995.

HTML for Fun and Profit, Morris, Mary ES. Prentice Hall

HTML manual of style, Aronson, Larry. Ziff-Davis Press, 1994.

HTML publishing on the Internet for Windows, Heslop, Brent D. Ventana Press, 1995.

HTML publishing with Internet Assistant, Kidder, Gayle. Ventana Press, 1995.

HTML visual quick reference, Scharf, Dean. Que, 1995.

HTML Web publishers construction kit, Fox, David/Downing, Troy. Waite Group Press, 1995.

Internet publishing handbook: for World-Wide Web, Gopher, and WAIS, Franks, Mike. Addison-Wesley, 1995.

Special edition using HTML, Savola, Tom. Que, 1995.

Spinning the web: how to provide information on the Internet, Ford, Andrew. International Thomson Pub, 1995.

Teach yourself more Web Publishing with HTML in a week, Lemay, Laura. Howard W Sams, 1995.

Teach yourself Web publishing with HTML in a week, Lemay, Laura. Sams, 1995.

The HTML sourcebook, Graham, Ian S. John Wiley & Sons, 1995.

The Web-page design cookbook, Kendall, William/Horton, William K. John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

Internet Applications

Finding it on the Internet: the essential guide to archie, Veronica, Gopher, WAIS, WWW (including Mosaic), and other search and browsing tools, Gilster, Paul,. John Wiley & Sons, 1994.

Internet E-mail quick tour: sending, receiving & managing your messages online, Alspach, Ted. Ventana Press, 1995.

Mosaic quick tour for Windows: accessing & navigating the Internets World Wide Web, Branwyn, Gareth/Carton, Sean. Ventana Press, 1995.

Mosaic users guide, Pfaffenberger, Bryan. MIS Press, 1994.

Netscape navigator: surfing the web and exploring the Internet, Pfaffenberger, Bryan. AP Professional, 1995.

Surfing the Internet with Netscape, Tauber, Daniel A/Kienan, Brenda. Sybex, 1995.

The E-mail companion: communicating effectively via the Internet and other global networks, Quarterman, John S/Carl-Mitchell, Smoot. Addison-Wesley, 1994.

The Internet via Mosaic and World-Wide Web, Browne, Steve. Ziff-Davis Press, 1994.

The irc survival guide: talk to the world with Internet Relay Chat, Harris, Stuart. Addison-Wesley, 1995.

The Mosaic navigator: the essential guide to internet interface, Gilster, Paul. John Wiley & Sons, 1995.

The new Internet Navigator, Gilster, Paul. John Wiley & Sons, 1995.

The SLIP/PPP connection: the essential guide to graphical Internet access, Gilster, Paul. John Wiley & Sons, 1995.

The Usenet navigator kit: everything you need to travel Usenet quickly and efficiently, Davis, Steve. Prima, 1995.

Usenet: netnews for everyone, Fristrup, Jenny A. Prentice Hall, 1994.

Using Eudora, LeBlanc, Dee-Ann/LeBlanc, Robert. Que, 1995.

Using Gopher, Johnson, Keith/Baczewski, Philip/Childs, Melody. Que, 1995.

Using Internet relay chat, Glines, Steve. Que, 1994.

Using Netscape, Ernst, Warren. Que, 1995.

Using UseNet newsgroups, Estabrook, Noel. Que, 1995.

Wais and Gopher Servers: A Guide for Internet End-Users, Morgan, Erin Lease. Mecklermedia

Reference Books

A pocket tour of music on the Internet, Berry, Colin. Sybex, 1995.

Directory of Directories on the Internet: A Guide to Information Sources, Newby, Gregory B. Mecklermedia

Field guide to the Internet, Nelson, Stephen L. Microsoft Press, 1995.

Find it online, Berkman, Robert I. Windcrest/McGraw-Hill, 1994.

Net Guide: Your Map to the Services, Information and Entertainment on the Electronic Highway, Rutten, Peter/Bayers, Albert F/Maloni, Kelly.

New Riders official Internet yellow pages, Maxwell, Christine. New Riders, 1994.

New Riders official World Wide Web yellow pages, Busey, Andrew. New Riders, 1995.

Pocket Guides to the Internet: Basic Internet Utilities, Veljkov, Mark/ Hartnell, George. Mecklermedia

Reference Books (continued)

Pocket Guides to the Internet: Terminal Connections, Veljkov, Mark/ Hartnell, George. Mecklermedia

The essential internet information guide, Manger, Jason J. McGraw-Hill, 1995.

The essential Web surfer survival guide, Fristrup, Jenny A. Prentice Hall, 1995.

The Internet dictionary, Crumlish, Christian. Sybex, 1995.

The Internet directory, Braun, Eric. Fawcett Columbine, 1994.

The Internet resource: quick reference, Tolhurst, William A. Que, 1994.

The Internet roadmap, Falk, Bennett. Sybex, 1994.

The Internet tool kit, Cedeno, Nancy. Sybex, 1995.

The Internet Yellow Pages, Hahn, Harley/Stout, Rick.

The Official Internet World-World Wide Web Yellow Pages/Book and Cd-Rom, Breeding, Marshall. IDG Books Worldwide

The online users encyclopedia: bulletin boards and beyond, Aboba, Bernard. Addison-Wesley, 1993.

The USENET book: finding, using, and surviving newsgroups on the Internet, Pfaffenberger, Bryan. Addison-Wesley, 1995.

The whole Internet users guide & catalog, Krol, Ed. OReilly & Associates, 1994.

Webguide, Richardson, R L. Sybex, 1995.

Entertainment

50 fun ways to Internet, Hoffman, Allan. Career Press, 1995.

A pocket tour of games on the Internet, Taves, Scott. Sybex, 1995.

A pocket tour of sports on the Internet, Fain, Terry. Sybex, 1995.

CyberHounds Internet guide to the coolest stuff out there, Visible Ink Press, 1995.

Interactive Internet: the insiders guide to MUDs, MOOs and IRC, Shefski, William J. Prima, 1995.

Internet roadside attractions: sites, sounds & scenes along the information superhighway, Branwyn, Gareth. Ventana Press, 1995.

Internet virtual worlds quick tour: MUDs, MOOs & MUSHes, Carton, Sean. Ventana Press, 1995.

Planet Internet, Rimmer, Steve. Windcrest/McGraw-Hill, 1995.

Return to planet Internet, Rimmer, Steve. McGraw-Hill, 1995.

Sports on the Net, Temple, Bob. Que, 1995.

Surfing on the Internet: a netheads adventure on-line, Herz, J C, Little, Brown. 1995.

Advanced Topics

Actually useful Internet security techniques, Hughes, Larry J. New Riders, 1995.

Building a Linux Internet server, Hare, R Christopher E/Eckel, George. New Riders, 1995.

Building a Unix Internet Server, Eckel, George.

Building a Windows NT Internet server, Harper, EricArnett/Matthew Flint/Singh, R Paul. New Riders, 1995.

Firewalls and Internet security: repelling the wily hacker, Cheswick, William R. Addison-Wesley, 1994.

Implementing Internet security, Cooper, Frederic J. New Riders, 1995.

Internet firewalls and network security, Siyan, Karanjit. New Riders, 1995.

Internet slick tricks, Glossbrenner, Alfred/Glossbrenner, Emily. Random House Electronic Pub, 1994.

Internet: mailing lists, Hardie, Edward T L/Neou, Vivian. Prentice Hall, 1993.

MBoneinteractive multimedia on the Internet, Kumar, Vinay. New Riders, 1995.

Routing in the Internet, Huitema, Christian. Prentice Hall, 1995.

TCP/IP networking: architecture, adminstration, and programming, Martin, James/Leben, Joe. Prentice Hall, 1994.

The electronic traveller: exploring alternative online systems, Crowe, Elizabeth Powell. Windcrest/MaGraw-Hill, 1994.

Tricks of the Internet gurus, Baczewski, Philip. Sams, 1994.


GLOSSARY

ARCHIE

A tool (software) for finding files stored on anonymous FTP sites. You need to know the exact file name or a sub-string of it.

ARPANET (ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS ADMINISTRATION NETWORK)

The precursor to the Internet. Developed in the late 60s and early 70s by the US Department of Defense as an experiment in wide-area networking that would survive a nuclear war.

ASCII (AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE)

This is the de facto world-wide standard for the code numbers used by computers to represent all the upper and lower-case latin letters, numbers, punctuation, etc. There are 128 standard ASCII codes each of which can be represented by a 7 digit binary number: 0000000 through 1111111

BBS (BULLETIN BOARD SYSTEM)

A computerized meeting and announcement system that allows people to carry on discussions, upload and download files, and make announcements without the people being connected to the computer at the same time. There are many thousands (millions?) of BBSes around the world, most are very small, running on a single IBM clone PC with 1 or 2 phone lines. Some are very large and the line between a BBS and a system like CompuServe gets crossed at some point, but it is not clearly drawn.

BIT (BINARY DIGIT)

A single digit number in base-2, in other words, either a 1 or a zero. The smallest unit of computerized data. Bandwidth is usually measured in bits-per-second. See also: BANDWIDTH, BYTE, KILOBYTE, AND MEGABYTE

BACKBONE

A high-speed line or series of connections that forms a major pathway within a network. The term is relative as a backbone in a small network will likely be much smaller than many non-backbone lines in a large network.

BINHEX (BINARY HEXADECIMAL)

A method for converting non-text files (non-ASCII) into ASCII. This is needed because Internet e-mail can only handle ASCII. See also: ASCII

BROWSER

A client program (software) that is used to look at various kinds of Internet resources. See also: CLIENT, URL, WWW

BYTE

A set of Bits that represent a single character. Usually there are 8 or 10 bits in a Byte, depending on how the measurement is being made.

CIRCULAR REFERENCE

See Infinite loop

CLIENT

A software program that is used to contact and obtain data from a Server software program on another computer, often across a great distance. Each Client program is designed to work with one or more specific kinds of Server programs, and each Server requires a specific kind of Client. See also: SERVER

CYBERSPACE

Term originated by author William Gibson in his novel Neuromancer, the word Cyberspace is currently used to describe the whole range of information resources available through computer networks.

DOMAIN

Name The unique name that identifies an Internet site. Domain Names always have 2 or more parts, separated by dots. The part on the left is the most specific, and the part on the right is the most general. A given machine may have more than one Domain Name but a given Domain Name points to only one machine. Usually, all of the machines on a given network will have the same thing as the right-hand portion of their Domain Names, e.g. gateway.gbnetwork.com or mail.gbnetwork.com or www.gbnetwork.com and so on. It is also possible for a Domain Name to exist but not be connected to an actual machine. This is often done so that a group or business can have an Internet e-mail address without having to establish a real Internet site. In these cases, some real Internet machine must handle the mail on behalf of the listed Domain Name. See also: IP NUMBER

E-MAIL (ELECTRONIC MAIL)

Messages, usually text, sent from one person to another via computer. E-mail can also be sent automatically to a large number of addresses (Mailing List).

FAQ (FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS)

FAQs are documents that list and answer the most common questions on a particular subject. There are hundreds of FAQs on subjects as diverse as Pet Grooming and Cryptography. FAQs are usually written by people who have tired of answering the same question over and over.

FTP (FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL)

A very common method of moving files between two Internet sites. FTP is a special way to login to another Internet site for the purposes of retrieving and/or sending files. There are many Internet sites that have established publicly accessible repositories of material that can be obtained using FTP, by logging in using the account name anonymous, thus these sites are called anonymous ftp servers.

FINGER

An Internet software tool for locating people on other Internet sites. Finger is also sometimes used to give access to non-personal information, but the most common use is to see if a person has an account at a particular Internet site. Many sites do not allow incoming Finger requests, but many do.

GOPHER

A widely successful method of making menus of material available over the Internet. Gopher is a Client and Server style program, which requires that the user have a Gopher Client program. Although Gopher spread rapidly across the globe in only a couple of years, it is being largely supplanted by Hypertext, also known as WWW (World Wide Web). There are still thousands of Gopher Servers on the Internet and we can expect they will remain for a while. See also: CLIENT, SERVER, WWW, HYPERTEXT

HOST

Any computer on a network that is a repository for services available to other computers on the network. It is quite common to have one host machine provide several services, such as WWW and USENET. See also: NODE, NETWORK

HTML (HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE)

The coding language used create Hypertext documents for use on the World Wide Web. HTML looks a lot like old-fashioned typesetting code, where you surround a block of text with codes that indicate how it should appear, additionally, in HTML you can specify that a block of text, or a word, is linked to another file on the Internet. HTML files are meant to be viewed using a World Wide Web Client program, such as Mosaic. See also: HTTP, HYPERTEXT, MOSAIC, WWW

HTTP (HYPERTEXT TRANSPORT PROTOCOL)

The protocol for moving hypertext files across the Internet. Requires a HTTP client program on one end, and an HTTP server program on the other end. HTTP is the most important protocol used in the World Wide Web (WWW). See also: CLIENT, SERVER, WWW

HYPERTEXT

Generally, any text that contains links to other documents - words or phrases in the document that can be chosen by a reader and which cause another document to be retrieved and displayed.

INFINITE LOOP

See Circular reference

IP NUMBER

Sometimes called a dotted quad. A unique number consisting of 4 parts separated by dots, e.g. 165.113.245.2  Every machine that is on the Internet has a unique IP number - if a machine does not have an IP number, it is not really on the Internet. Most machines also have one or more Domain Names that are easier for people to remember. See also: DOMAIN NAME, INTERNET

INTERNET (UPPER CASE I)

The vast collection of inter-connected networks that all use the TCP/IP protocols and that evolved from the ARPANET of the late 60s and early 70s. The Internet now (Nov. 1994) connects roughly 30,000 independent networks into a vast global internet. See also: INTERNET (LOWER CASE I)

INTERNET (LOWER CASE I)

Any time you connect 2 or more networks together, you have an internet - as in inter-national or inter-state.

KILOBYTE

A thousand bytes. Actually, usually, 1024 (2^10) bytes. See also: BYTE, BITLOGIN

Noun or a verb. Noun: The account name used to gain access to a computer system. Not a secret (contrast with Password) Verb: The act of entering into a computer system, e.g. Login to the WELL and then go to the GBN conference. See also: PASSWORD

MEGABYTE

A million bytes. A thousand kilobytes. See also: BYTE, BIT, KILOBYTE

MAILLIST (OR MAILING LIST)

A (usually automated) system that allows people to send e-mail to one address, whereupon their message is copied and sent to all of the other subscribers to the maillist. In this way, people who have many different kinds of e-mail access can participate in discussions together.

MODEM (MODULATOR, DEMODULATOR)

a device that you connect to your computer and to a phone line, that allows the computer to talk to other computers through the phone system. Basically, modems do for computers what a telephone does for humans.

MOSAIC

The best known and most widespread WWW browser or client software. The source-code to Mosaic has been licensed by several companies and there are several other pieces of software as good or better than Mosaic. See also: BROWSER, CLIENT, WWW

NETWORK

Any time you connected 2 or more computers together so that they can share resources you have a computer network. Connect 2 or more networks together and you have an internet. See also: INTERNET, INTERNET

NEWSGROUPS

The name for discussion groups on Usenet . See also: USENET

NODE

Any single computer connected to a network . See also: NETWORK, INTERNET, INTERNET

PASSWORD

A code used to gain access to a locked system. Good passwords contain letters and non-letters and are not simple combinations.  See also: LOGIN

PPP (POINT TO POINT PROTOCOL)

most well known as a protocol that allows a computer to use a regular telephone line and a modem to make a TCP/IP connection and thus be really and truly on the Internet . PPP is gradually replacing SLIP for this purpose. See also: IP NUMBER, INTERNET, SLIP, TCP/IP

SERVER

A computer, or a software package, that provides a specific kind of service to client software running on other computers. The term can refer to a particular piece of software, such as a WWW server, or to the machine on which the software is running, e.g. Our mail server is down today, thats why e-mail isnt getting out. A single server machine could have several different server software packages running on it, thus providing many different services to clients on the network. See also: CLIENT, NETWORK

SLIP (SERIAL LINE INTERNET PROTOCOL)

A standard for using a regular telephone line (a serial line) and a modem to connect a computer as a real Internet site. SLIP is gradually being replaced by PPP . See also: INTERNET, PPP

TCP/IP (TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL/INTERNET PROTOCOL)

This is the suite of protocols that defines The Internet . Originally designed for the UNIX operating system, TCP/IP software is now available for every major kind of computer operating system. To be truly on the Internet , your computer must have TCP/IP software. See also: IP NUMBER, INTERNET, UNIX

TELNET

The command and program used to login from one Internet site to another. The telnet command/program gets you to the login: prompt of another host.

TERMINAL

A device that allows you to send commands to a computer somewhere else. At a minimum, this usually means a keyboard and a display screen and some simple circuitry. usually you will use terminal software in a personal computer - the software pretends to be (emulates) a physical terminal and allows you to type commands to a computer somewhere else.

UNIX

A computer operating system (the basic software running on a computer, underneath things like word processors and spreadsheets). UNIX is designed to be used by many people at the same time (it is multi-user) and has TCP/IP built-in. It is the most common operating system for servers on the Internet

URL (UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR)

The standard way to give the address of any resource on the Internet that is part of the World Wide Web (WWW). A URL looks like this: http://www.matisse.net/seminars.html or telnet://well.sf.ca.us or news:new.newusers.questions etc. The most common way to use a URL is to enter into a WWW browser program, such as Netscape, or Lynx. See also: BROWSER, WWW

USENET

A world-wide system of discussion groups, with comments passed among hundreds of thousands of machines. Not all Usenet machines are on the Internet, maybe half. Usenet is completely decentralized, with over 10,000 discussion areas, called newsgroups.

WAIS (WIDE AREA INFORMATION SERVERS)

A commercial software package that allows the indexing of huge quantities of information, and then making those indices searchable across networks such as the Internet . A prominent feature of WAIS is that the search results are ranked according to how relevant the hits are, and that subsequent searches can find more stuff like that last batch and thus refine the search process.

WWW (WORLD WIDE WEB)

Two meanings - First, loosely used: The whole constellation of resources that can be accessed using Gopher, FTP, HTTP, telnet, Usenet, WAIS and some other tools. Second, the universe of hypertext servers (HTTP servers ) which are the servers that allow text, graphics, sound files etc to be mixed together. See also: BROWSERS, FTP, GOPHER, HTTP, TELNET, URL, WAIS


File Formats
Audio Formats

File formats

Historically, almost every type of machine used its own file format for audio data, but some file formats are more generally applicable, and in general it is possible to define conversions between almost any pair of file formats  sometimes losing information, however.

File formats are a separate issue from device characteristics.  There are two types of file formats: self-describing formats, where the device parameters and encoding are made explicit in some form of header, and raw formats, where the device parameters and encoding are fixed.

Some file formats apply some kind of compression to the data, e.g. Huffman encoding, or simple silence deletion.

Heres an overview of popular file formats.

Self-describing file formats

extension name	origin	variable parameters (fixed; comments)

.au or .snd	NeXT, Sun	rate, #channels, encoding, info string

.aif(f), AIFF	Apple, SGI	rate, #channels, sample width, lots of info

.aif(f), AIFC	Apple, SGI	same (extension of AIFF with compression)

.iff, IFF/8SVX	Amiga	rate, #channels, instrument info (8 bits)

.voc	Soundblaster	rate (8 bits/1 ch; can use silence deletion)

.wav, WAVE	Microsoft	rate, #channels, sample width, lots of info

.mod or .nst	Amiga	(see below)

Note that the filename extension .snd is ambiguous: it can be either the self-describing NeXT format or the headerless Mac/PC format, or even a headerless Amiga format.

A somewhat different but popular format are MOD files, usually with extension .mod or .nst (they can also have a prefix of mod.).  This originated at the Amiga but players now exist for many platforms.  MOD files are music files containing 2 parts: (1) a bank of digitized samples; (2) sequencing information describing how and when to play the samples.

Headerless file formats

extension name
origin
parameters or name
.snd, .fssd
Mac, PC
variable rate, 1 channelÀ
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